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Informal Caregiving for Dependent Elders:
The Association with Elder Abuse, Neglect, and the Well-Being of Older Individuals
2000-2005 (Page 2)
47. N4633-13
Deimling, G., Smerglia, V. & Schaefer, M.
The Impact of Family Environment and Decision-Making Satisfaction on Caregiver Depression: A Path Analytic Model
Journal of Aging and Health; Vol. 13 (1), 47-71; February 2001.
Journal article (research)
In most studies of caregiver depression and stress, the primary focus has been the relationship between the caregiver and care recipient. In this study, the researchers use data from 244 caregivers (taken from an earlier and larger study) to explore the impact of both direct and indirect factors on the caregiver's well being. Using a path model of depression, the article analyzes the impact of secondary stressors, such as family environment and the caregiver's satisfaction with the decision-making process. Of the primary stressors, caregiver "type" was the strongest predictor of caregiver depression, while "family adaptability" appeared the strongest indicator among secondary stressors.
48. L4529-13
Gaugler, J. & Zarit, S.
The Effectiveness of Adult Day Services for Disabled Older People
Journal of Aging & Social Policy; Vol. 12 (2), 23-47; 2001.
Journal article (research)
This article is a survey of the literature on the effectiveness of adult day care, a community-based service that has become increasingly popular since the de-institutionalization movement of the 1960's. The authors summarize findings related to three areas: improved client functioning, decreased caregiver stress, and delay in institutionalization. Tentative findings imply that the clients and their families benefit from these programs in terms of increased social functioning and reduced caregiver stress. However, it appears beneficial as an adjunct to informal caregiving, not as a substitute for nursing home placement.
49. L4396-14
Janevic, M. & Connell, C.
Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Differences in the Dementia Caregiving Experience: Recent Findings
The Gerontologist; Vol. 41(3), 334-347; 2001.
Journal article (literature review)
This article reviewed 21 studies regarding caregiver differences among ethnic and racial groups. The analysis suggests that when compared to other groups, White caregivers were more likely to be spouses of care recipients. White caregivers were also more likely than African American caregivers to report experiencing depression and caregiver stress. The research suggests that other minority groups may have less available support than White caregivers.
50. L4496-12
Kosloski, K., Montgomery, R., & Youngbauer, J.
Utilization of Respite Services: A Comparison of Users, Seekers, and Nonseekers
Journal of Applied Gerontology; Vol. 20 (1), 111-132; March 2001.
Despite the growing number of patients experiencing dementia, there is a documented under-utilization of available respite services. In a sample of 458 caregivers of Alzheimer's patients in Michigan, 176 accessed respite care, 128 had inquired about services but did not use them, and 154 had not explored these services. This study explored three aspects of service utilization: the needs of the patients; the needs of the family caregivers; and service characteristics. One interesting finding through this research is that need, alone, is not the sole reason for service usage.
51. N4732-7
Kurylo, M., Elliott, T. & Shewchuk, R.
FOCUS on the Family Caregiver: A Problem-Solving Training Intervention
Journal of Counseling & Development; Vol. 79, p275-p281; Summer 2001.
Journal article (scholarship)
Project FOCUS was designed to enhance family caregiver wellness, and by extension, the wellness of the care recipient. This article describes the problem-solving training program that was developed by the authors to assist family caregivers of persons with spinal cord injuries. FOCUS is an acronym for "Facts, Optimism, Creativity, Understanding, Solve," the stages in this problem-solving model. Each stage of the program is described, which begins with an assessment of problem-solving orientation and prioritization of problems. Follow-up supports include telephone outreach, "booster" sessions and educational materials.
52. N4730-8
Kyung Chee, Y. & Levkoff, S.
Culture and Dementia: Accounts by Family Caregivers and Health Professionals for Dementia-Affected Elders in South Korea
Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology; Vol. 16 (2), 111-125; 2001.
Journal article (research)
Until the 1990's, dementia was viewed in South Korea as part of the "normal" aging process. Modernization and demographic shifts have resulted in the nuclearization of the family structure. However, inadequacies in social welfare programs and home-based and long-term care institutions continue to place the caregiving burden on families. One study indicates that 55 percent of dementia caregiving in Korea is provided by daughters-in-law. This article presents the findings of fifteen in-depth interviews (ten with family caregivers, five with researchers and service providers) relating to perceptions of dementia, cultural influences in the practice of caregiving, and utilization of formal service for dementia clients and their caregivers. (South Korea)
53. A465-9
Laditka, S. & Pappas-Rogich, M.
Anticipatory Caregiving Anxiety among Older Women and Men
Journal of Women & Aging; Vol. 13 (1), 3-18; 2001.
Journal article (research)
As the population ages and active life expectancy increases, it can be assumed that individuals will have a greater amount of time to anticipate caregiving responsibilities. Using a caregiver anxiety scale developed by Cicirelli (1988), these researchers studied the factors of age, gender, health status, socio-economic status, social involvement, and prior or current caregiving responsibilities upon anticipatory anxiety. The sample consisted of 221, relatively affluent and predominantly female (71%) members of an educational organization. Among the findings, a higher percentage of lower income participants experienced higher levels of anticipatory anxiety, as did a higher percentage of women. A higher percentage of men and women who are currently, or were recently, care providers also experienced higher levels of anticipatory anxiety. The authors admit that while the sample is not representative, they suggest that such differences may be more pronounced among populations with greater variance in health and socio-economic status.
54. N4576-5
Mann, W.
The Potential of Technology to Ease the Care Provider's Burden
Generations; Vol. XXV (1), 44-48; Spring 2001.
Journal article (scholarship)
This article reviews assistive devices and technological innovations that ease caregiver stress and promote autonomy for older and/or impaired individuals. Such devices range from bath chairs to motorized lifts to microwave ovens, all intended to promote safety while performing activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Remote control alerting devices that monitor not only movement but health signs are discussed as a developing technology.
55. N4705-8
Perry, J. & Bontinen, K.
Evaluation of a Weekend Respite Program for Persons with Alzheimer Disease
Canadian Journal of Nursing Research; Vol. 33 (1), 81-95; 2001.
Journal article (research)
This study was designed to explore family caregivers' response to a weekend respite program for Alzheimer's clients. It also provides an overview of the literature available on respite care, including the need for, yet under-utilization, of this service. In this pilot study, one western Canadian agency extended its Adult Day Program to include weekend availability. The environment was personalized to the preferences of the client based upon family input. Twenty-five caregivers used the service over a 6-month period, some more than once, representing a 34 percent utilization rate of beds available. Nineteen caregivers identified the following themes in this "goal free" evaluation: caregiver self-care; relief for the caregiver; comfort and safety for the client. While family caregivers felt relief as a result of the respite, the relief experienced was temporary. The authors suggest that further adaptations of the respite model that focus on caregivers' needs for assurances of clients' security and quality of care may reduce the sense of abandonment that many feel. (Canada)
56. N4721-18
Ploeg, J., et al.
Perceived Support Needs of Family Caregivers and Implications for a Telephone Support Service
Canadian Journal of Nursing Research; Vol. 33 (2), 43-61; 2001.
Journal article (research)
In 1996, a reported 11 percent of the Canadian population aged 15 and over spent an average of four to five hours per week providing informal care to seniors. This article reports on a study designed to identify the support needs of family caregivers, and to describe the types of telephone services that would be most helpful. Thirty-four caregivers, generally spouses and adult children of care recipients, were surveyed and identified the following needs: social life; instrumental support such as respite, physical assistance, financial compensation; informational support; and emotional support. While 71 percent indicated that they would utilize telephone support from professionals, 59 percent indicated that they would utilize telephone peer support. (Canada)
57. N4756-8
Tauiliili, D., Delva, J. & Browne, C.
A Study of Attitudes Toward Aging and Caregiving Patterns Among Samoan Families in Hawaii
Journal of Family Social Work; Vol. 6 (1), 1-14; 2001.
(Published simultaneously in Families and Health: Cross-Cultural Perspectives; 6(1), 1-14, 2001.)
Journal article (research)
While cultural patterns of caregiving and service utilization have been studied, the link between variations in attitudes toward the elderly and cultural caregiving patterns has not. Using a self-administered survey, distributed through four Samoan churches, this research examines the relationship between attitudes and family caregiving patterns among Samoan men and women living in Hawaii. General findings suggest that Samoans have a positive attitude towards the aging, and that there are no significant differences regarding age or gender. Implications include the need to design culturally-sensitive interventions and programs intended for all family members, not only women.
58. N4717-19
Ward-Griffin, C.
Negotiating Care of Frail Elders: Relationships Between Community Nurses and Family Caregivers
Canadian Journal of Nursing Research; Vol. 33 (2), 63-81; 2001.
Journal article (research)
Due to the shift from institutional care to home care, funding reductions for services, and an increase in the aging population, home care in Canada often combines formal services with informal family caregiving. In this ethnographic research, based upon a socialist-feminist approach, 23 nurse-caregiver dyads were interviewed regarding the nature and implications of such a necessary coalition of care provision. The community nurse often appears more authoritative (as teacher or supervisor) while the family caregiver appears more attuned to the elder's needs and personality. Four relationship patterns are identified: nurse-helper; worker-worker; manager-worker; nurse-patient. The majority of dyads followed the manager-worker dynamic. This research suggests an unequal division of labor in the care of the frail elderly between the nurse and family caregiver that the author believes contributes to exploitation of women in these circumstances. (Canada)
59. L4542-26
White-Means, S. & Hong, G.
Giving Incentives of Adult Children Who Care for Disabled Parents
Journal of Consumer Affairs; Vol. 35 (2), 364-389; 2001.
Journal article (research)
This article draws upon data from the 1992 Health and Retirement Study to explore whether altruism and/or bequest incentives motivate adult children in caring for disabled parents. Using an intergenerational giving/transfers approach, this research indicates that different forms of giving (time and money) are interrelated, with the nature of the relationship varying according to types of parental disabilities. Bequest motives seem to influence not only giving patterns but also employment decisions. Other variables considered include religious affiliation, number of siblings of adult children, and number of parents or in-laws requiring care.
60. N4767-10
Whitley, D., Kelley, S. & Sipe, T.
Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren: Are They at Increased Risk of Health Problems?
Health and Social Work; Vol. 26 (2), 105-114; May 2001.
Journal article (research)
There is a growing body of research suggesting that the mental and physical health of grandparents suffer as a result of taking on the responsibility of raising grandchildren. This article reports on a study of 100 African-American grandmothers (also great-grandmothers and great aunts) who have become full-time caregivers of their grandchildren. These voluntary participants were members of a community based support program. Of the sample, only 18 percent had the support of a spouse or live-in partner, and 84 percent of the sample relied upon public assistance primarily for income. The health and mental well-being of these women were assessed through health and behavior inventories, self-report, and the observations documented by registered nurses. While it appears that there are at least moderate physical limitations, findings do not appear to validate earlier studies indicating that grandmother caregivers' emotional well-being suffered as a result of increased responsibilities. Researchers caution that based on limited support and health behavior profiles, there may be increased risk for future serious health problems. Interdisciplinary health and social services interventions are recommended.
61. P5045-10
Williamson, G., Shaffer, D.
Relationship Quality and Potentially Harmful Behaviors by Spousal Caregivers: How We Were Then, How We Are Now
Psychology and Aging; Vol. 16 (2), 217-226; 2001.
Journal article (research)
This research explores the hypothesis that the quality of a spousal relationship before the need for caregiving arises impacts later caregiving behaviors. In particular, the authors consider the impact of the degree to which relationships were perceived as communal (partners attentive to each other's needs) and the degree to which the current relationships are perceived as rewarding to caregivers. One-hundred and forty-four spousal caregivers were interviewed regarding their past relationship, the amount of assistance provided, the relationship rewards, caregiver depression, and potentially harmful behaviors. Results suggest that caregivers who were involved in highly communal relationships were less likely to become depressed, and in turn, less likely to treat care recipients in potentially harmful ways, since they are currently experiencing rewarding relationships.
2000
62. N4577-6
Anetzberger, G.
Caregiving: Primary Cause of Elder Abuse?
Generations; Vol. XXIV (2), 46-51; Summer 2000.
Journal article (scholarship)
This article refutes the validity of assuming caregiver stress is the primary cause of elder abuse. After summarizing the history of categorizing elder mistreatment as a social problem to be address by adult protective services (APS), the author proposes an integrated theory that accommodates the complexities of such abuse. In this theory, the primary emphasis is on the characteristics of the perpetrator rather than the victim, and the context in which abuse occurs is also stressed. Interventions are to be tailored to the context and type of abuse. (This article is part of a special edition of Generations dedicated to the recognition of the problem of elder abuse.)
63. L4369-9
Almberg, B., Grafstrom, M., Krichbaum, K. & Winblad, B.
The Interplay of Institution and Family Caregiving: Relations Between Patient Hassles, Nursing Home Hassles, and Caregivers' Burnout
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry; Vol. 15 (10), 931-939; 2000.
Journal article (research)
The authors present the findings of a longitudinal Swedish study. Caregiver burnout and role change was assessed among 37 caregivers as their care recipients transferred from informal to formal caregiving settings. The Burnout Measure, Patient Hassles Scale, and Nursing Home Hassles Scale were used to measure burnout. Decline in care recipients' cognitive status was reported as being the most stressful factor to caregivers regardless of their level of burnout. A lack of participation in the decision-making process appeared linked to caregiver burnout.
64. L4357-7
Cicirelli, V.
An Examination of the Trajectory of the Adult Child's Caregiving for an Elderly Parent
Family Relations; Vol. 49 (2), 169-175; 2000.
Journal article (research)
The author suggests a model for movement into caregiving roles by adult children that follows a trajectory (that of concern, urging and action) and evaluates children's and parent's perceptions of health status, and the extent of agreement between child and parent. Fifty-three pairs of adult children and parents (aged 65 and older) living in close proximity to one another were interviewed. The author measured physical health status, cognitive functioning, emotional health status, and adult children's caregiving behaviors. Results indicate that measures of concern by adult children were high but not significantly correlated to parent's health status. Urging appeared significantly related to all aspects of health status. The child's action appeared significantly related to only the parent's functional ability (mobility, ADLs/IADLs, etc.).
65. L4536-7
Cohen, D.
Caregiver Stress Increases Risk of Homicide-Suicide
Geriatric Times; Vol. I (4); November/December 2000.
Journal article (online)
This article explores the impact that depression and caregiver stress has on the incidence of homicide-suicides. The myth that most homicide-suicides are mercy killings is disputed with statistical evidence that indicates that perpetrators are often acting unilaterally and out of desperation. Pointing out that most homicide-suicides are planned in advance, and that most caregiver/perpetrators are involved with the victim's physician, the author offers strategies for assessment and intervention that can be employed by the health care professional to aid in risk identification. (Note: This article is available online only at http://www.geriatrictimes.com/g001225.html .)
66. L4358-10
Dellmann-Jenkins, M., Blankemeyer, M. & Pinkard, O.
Young Adult Children and Grandchildren in Primary Caregiver Roles to Older Relatives and Their Service Needs
Family Relations; Vol. 49 (2), 177-186; 2000.
Journal article (research)
Focusing on young adult caregivers, this study examines their "caregiving motivations, types of assistance, strains, and positive experiences." Twenty-two adult children and twenty-one adult grandchildren were interviewed using a 65-item questionnaire. The primary issues addressed were role characteristics, what informal and formal networks are available and utilized, the consequences of providing care, and recommendations that these young (aged 40 and under) caregivers would offer to peers. The children and grandchildren were more similar than different in terms of actual caregiving behaviors. Only a small percentage of participants reported using formal services for support.
67. N4784-13
Gupta, R. & Pillai, V.
Caregiver Burden in South Asian Families: A Systems Theory Perspective
Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work; Vol. 9 (1/2), 41-53; 2000.
Journal article (research)
This study uses the systems perspective to examine the determinants of caregiver burden in Indian/Pakistani families. Four hypotheses are explored: (1) Caregivers involved in large support networks will experience less caregiver burden, due to increased social resources; (2) Caregivers of elderly experiencing health problems will experience greater caregiver burden; (3) Caregivers of elderly experiencing behavioral problems will experience greater caregiver burden; (4) Caregivers experiencing strong filial piety will experience less caregiver burden. One-hundred-eighteen telephone interviews were conducted with first-generation Indian/Pakistani men or women, caring for a parent or parent-in-law, living in a multi-generational household for at least one year. The findings indicate that caregivers identifying with the Asian cultural norms of filial piety experience less caregiver burden. Practical implications for social workers servicing this population are drawn.
68. E2655-21
Ho, C., Weitzman, P., Xingjia, C., & Levkoff, S.
Stress and Service Use Among Minority Caregivers to Elders with Dementia
Journal of Gerontological Social Work; Vol. 33 (1), 67-88; 2000.
Journal article (research)
This study employs the Pearlin, Mullan, Semple and Skaff's (1990) model of caregiver stress to evaluate the impact of ethnicity, non-caregiving stressors and other stress-associated variables on service use by African-Americans, Chinese and Latinos. Ethnicity, non-caregiving stress and the elder's cognitive impairment were variables that appeared predictive of unmet service needs.
69. L4514-9
Iecovich, E.
Sources of Stress and Conflicts Between Elderly Patients, Their Family Members and Personnel in Care Settings
Journal of Gerontological Social Work; Vol. 34 (2), 73-88; 2000.
Journal article (scholarship)
In the first part of this article, the most prevalent types of conflicts that arise between elderly patients, their families and their institutional caregivers are discussed. Personality traits, diverse cultural backgrounds and their accompanying divergent beliefs, severity of incapacitation, psychological reactions and other factors are identified as contributing to these conflicts. In the second part of this paper, the author proposes that the social worker become a proactive facilitator of change within the institutional setting as a means of ameliorating, or even preventing, these conflicts. Specific recommendations regarding global strategies are provided, with an emphasis on "humanizing" the long-term care setting.
70. L4530-2
Kaplan, A.
Recognizing and Easing Caregiver Stress
Geriatric Times; Vol. I (2); July/August 2000.
Online resources
This brief article provides a tip sheet for caregiver stress management. Several resources are listed for obtaining information on adult day services and respite care. (Note: This article is available online only at http://www.geriatrictimes.com/g000813b.html .)
71. L4377-10
Keefe, J. & Fancey, P.
The Care Continues: Responsibility for Elderly Relatives Before and After Admission to a Long Term Care Facility
Family Relations; Vol. 49 (3), 235-244; 2000.
Journal article (research)
The authors investigated changes in caregiving as care recipients move from community based living arrangements to long term care facilities (LTC). Using interview data from 214 Canadian respondents, the authors examined family caregivers' perceptions of responsibilities, perceptions of changes in caregiving responsibilities during the relatives' stay in LTC, and comparisons between caregiving activities in the community and LTC environments. Analyses of interviews suggest that the level of involvement of community caregivers is related to performance of caregiving tasks in the facility. The nature of family caregiving changes when the health status of the care recipient and/or caregiver changes. The potential for family caregivers to be more engaged in care management, such as participation in treatment planning, is discussed.
72. L4370-7
Marin, D., et al.
The Caregiver Activity Survey (CAS): Longitudinal Validation of an Instrument that Measures Time Spent Caregiving for Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry; Vol. 15, 680-686, 2000.
Journal article (research)
This study builds upon previous research assessing the validity of the Caregiver Activity Survey (CAS). Forty-four Alzheimer's patients-caregiver dyads were followed for eighteen months. Patients were administered the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS) and the Physical Self Maintenance Scale (PSMS). Caregivers were administered the CAS. The research appears to longitudinally validate the CAS for use with this population. One observation from the study indicates that as the patients declined, caregivers spent less time communicating with them and more time supervising them.
73. K4224015
Pavalko, E. and Woodbury, S.
Social Roles as Process: Caregiving Careers and Women's Health
Journal of Health and Social Behavior; Vol. 41 (1), 91-105; 2000.
Journal article (research)
This research addresses the roles of caregiving and employment, and investigates changes in women's health as they move into and out of both roles. The sample consisted of 2,929 late-midlife women. Findings indicate that psychological distress increased as women moved into caregiving roles and continued caring for an ill or disabled person. Caregiving appeared to have a weaker effect on physical health, but physical limitations were also observed.
74. P5204-8
Phillips, L.
Domestic Violence and Aging Women
Geriatric Nursing; Vol. 21 (4), 188-195; 2000.
Journal article (scholarship)
This article addresses intimate partner violence among older women and also examines the dynamics of domestic violence against older female caregivers. Older battered women appear more inclined to view abusive behaviors as normal, and therefore acceptable, thus making identification and reporting of abuse more difficult. The author's research indicates that neither cognitive status nor abuse by caregivers appears linked to abuse of aging caregivers. Rather, it is more likely a continuation of long-standing abuse or resentment. Specific guidelines are provided so that nurses can enhance their ability to assess, refer and assist these patients.
75. C2070-17
Phillips, L. et al.
The Mexican American Caregiving Experience
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences; Vol. 22 (3), 296-313; August 2000.
Journal article (research)
This study investigates the differences between Mexican-American and Non-Hispanic White caregivers. Differences in the structure and the experience of caregiving are discussed. Among other findings, more Mexican-American adult children were found to be caregivers despite the presence of the elder's spouse; there were fewer Mexican-American elders living with adult children caregivers; and they appeared to have lower expectations for social support.
76. L4431-21
Phillips, L., Torres de Ardon, E. & Briones, G.
Abuse of Female Caregivers by Care Recipients: Another Form of Elder Abuse
Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect; Vol. 12 (3/4), 123-143; 2000.
Journal article (research)
This article explores the abuse of aging, female caregivers by the elders for whom they provide in-home care. The experiences of 93 Mexican American and non-Hispanic White caregivers (a subset of over 400 in the primary study previously conducted) were examined. This study focused on the relationship between structural, situational and interactional variables and abuse of caregivers. Differences between the past and present image of the elder, perceptions of power imbalance, and interpersonal conflicts were among the variables with significant correlation to abuse of caregivers. The data also indicated that while 29 percent of the participants reported being mistreated, the actual frequency was higher (39 percent), suggesting that some women may view this mistreatment as normal behavior.
77. L4550-6
Ramsey-Klawsnik, H.
Elder-Abuse Offenders: A Typology
Generations; p17-p22; Summer 2000.
Journal article (scholarship)
In this article, the author provides descriptions of five types of elder abuse offenders. The overwhelmed offender is well-intentioned but succumbs to caregiver stress, while the impaired offender cannot provide consistent, competent caregiving due to his or her own problems. The remaining three types of offenders (the narcissistic offender, the domineering or bullying offender, the sadistic offender) seek out victims and/or opportunities to exploit. Scenarios are provided to illustrate these situations. (This article is part of a special edition of Generations dedicated to the recognition of the problem of elder abuse.)
78. K4523-14
Seltzer, M. & Li, L.
The Dynamics of Caregiving: Transitions During a Three-Year Prospective Study
The Gerontologist; Vol. 40 (2), 165-178; 2000.
Journal article (research)
This study examines the role of caregiver from the perspective of wives and daughters of older persons. By categorizing the transitions of caregiver into three stages: entry, institutionalization, and bereavement, the impact of each stage on the life of the caregiver is revealed. The study proposes that daughters are more likely to enter the caregiving role than wives, and daughters are more likely to place their care recipient in an institution. Data is examined and discussed in a comparison of wives' and daughters' lives at each transition stage. The study focuses on the social involvement, family support, and the psychological well-being of the caregiver at each stage.
79. A702-9
Singleton, J.
Women Caring for Elderly Family Members: Shaping Non-Traditional Work and Family Initiatives
Journal of Comparative Family Studies; Vol. XXXI (3), 367-375; 2000.
Journal article (research)
Businesses are becoming increasingly aware that employees, especially women, may be serving as family caregivers and have begun instituting programs that acknowledge this. The article provides an overview of elder care support in the U.S., with special attention to its impact upon traditional family caregivers. Several sociological theories are used to explore family roles, workplace demands and elder care policies. Role strain theory and the stressor-support-stress reaction model are two theories examined.
80. L4404-14
Sklar, J.
Elder and Dependent Adult Fraud: A Sampler of Actual Cases to Profile the Offenders and the Crimes They Perpetrate
Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect; Vol. 12 (2), 19-32; 2000.
Journal article (scholarship)
This article discusses elder and dependent adult fraud, and profiles four offender groups: adult children, grandchildren, or other relatives, including those who may be caregivers; professional or hired caretakers; friends or others in trusted positions; professional crime groups that target elders and dependent adults. Summaries of actual cases prosecuted by the Santa Clara District Attorney's office are used to illustrate these types of crimes. The article also touches upon preventative tips and investigative tools employed in dealing with fraud.
81. N4585-6
Williams, A.
Distress and Hardiness: A Comparison of African-American and White Caregivers
Journal of National Black Nurses Association; Vol. 11 (1), 21-26; January 2000.
Journal article (research)
Cultural background and family hardiness have been considered as buffers to the stress of caregiving. This study explores whether African-American caregivers of stroke survivors report less distress than White caregivers. It also explores whether African-American caregivers perceive their families as hardier. Responses of 20 African-American and 26 White caregivers (all female) were compared with surprisingly few differences. The one noted difference was that White females scored higher on the Confidence subscale of the Family Hardiness Index. This differs from earlier research that indicated African-American caregivers perceived their situations as less stressful and more satisfying than White caregivers.
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